Decorators in JavaScript are now in stage 2. They allow us to alter the definition of a class, method, or a property. There are already a few neat libraries which provide decorators and make our life easier by allowing us to write more declarative code with better performance characteristics.
In this blog post I’ll share a few decorators which I’m using on a daily basis. We’ll take a look at:
- How to write more efficient React components with
@autobind - How to cache results of computations using
@memo - Improving separation of concerns and cohesion with
aspect.js’s@beforeMethodand@afterMethod - Developing more decoupled code using Angular’s dependency injection with
injection-js
Autobind
Autobind is a decorator which allows given method to be automatically bound to a class instance. For example:
class Superhero {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}
@autobind
getName() {
return this.name;
}
}
const superman = new Superhero('Superman');
const batman = new Superhero('Batman');
const supermanNameGetter = superman.getName;
const batmanNameGetter = batman.getName;
console.log(supermanNameGetter()); // Superman
console.log(batmanNameGetter()); // Batman
From the example above we can see that the getName method got automatically bound to a specific instance of the class. In case we didn’t use @autobind we’d have gotten the error:
Error: Cannot read property ’name’ of undefined
This decorator has a few quite useful applications.
React Event Handlers
Firstly, it’s quite handy to use @autobind with React in order to not create new functions for the event handlers each time when the render method gets invoked. For instance:
class Component extends React.Component {
prop = 'Hello there!';
clickHandler() {
alert(this.prop);
}
render() {
return <button onClick={() => this.clickHandler()}></button>
}
}
This code will create a new arrow function each time when render gets invoked. Another alternative is:
// ...
render() {
return <button onClick={this.clickHandler.bind(this)}></button>
}
// ...
…which suffers from the same problem, because bind will create a new instance of the clickHandler bound to this.
With @autobind we can refactor the code to:
class Component extends React.Component {
prop = 'Hello there!';
@autobind
clickHandler() {
alert(this.prop);
}
render() {
return <button onClick={this.clickHandler}></button>
}
}
Keeping a Reference to an Event Handler
Secondly, we can use @autobind to keep a reference to an event handler that we’ve attached to given DOM element. For example, take a look at the following Angular component:
@Component({...})
class DraggableComponent {
private _documentMove: Function;
ngOnInit() {
document.addEventListener('mousemove', this._documentMove = e => {
this.x = e.pageX;
this.y = e.pageY;
// More logic...
});
}
ngOnDestroy() {
// Perform clean up
document.removeEventListener('mousemove', this._documentMove);
}
}
This is a commonly used pattern for keeping a reference to an event handler so we can easily clean the subscription once the component gets destroyed. It works well, however, we can be achieved the same in a more elegant way:
@Component({...})
class DragHandlerComponent {
ngOnInit() {
document.addEventListener('mousemove', this._documentMove);
}
ngOnDestroy() {
// Perform clean up
document.removeEventListener('mousemove', this._documentMove);
}
@autobind
private _documentMove(e) {
this.x = e.pageX;
this.y = e.pageY;
// More logic...
}
}
This way we no longer need the arrow function to preserve the context because @autobind would have bound the _documentMove method to the proper value of this.
How to use it?
You can use @autobind from either core-decorators on npm or autobind-decorator if that’s the only decorator you need.
memo
Often we have pure methods in our classes. Such methods always:
- Return the same result when invoked with the same set of arguments.
- Do not perform side effects.
In such cases it makes sense to perform memoization over them!
Recently I released the decorator memo-decorator which does exactly that! For example, let’s suppose we have:
class Superhero {
calculateAge(n) {
if (n < 1) {
throw new Error('Invalid argument');
}
if (n === 1 || n === 2) {
return 1;
}
return this.calculateAge(n - 1) + this.calculateAge(n - 2);
}
}
Now when we invoke calculateAge with given n, we’re always going to get the same result:
const hero = new Superhero();
hero.calculateAge(5); // 5
hero.calculateAge(5); // 5
hero.calculateAge(15); // 610
hero.calculateAge(15); // 610
hero.calculateAge(15); // 610
An obvious idea for an optimization is to cache the result and directly return it once calculated instead of going through the same computation. A simple way to perform caching is to use a Map with keys the arguments of the calculateAge method and values the results the method produces. That’s exactly what memo-decorator does!
class Superhero {
@memo()
calculateAge(n) {
console.log('Calculating');
if (n < 1) {
throw new Error('Invalid argument');
}
if (n === 1 || n === 2) {
return 1;
}
return this.calculateAge(n - 1) + this.calculateAge(n - 2);
}
}
Notice the console.log statement that I added in the method. Here’s what the current behavior would be:
const hero = new Superhero();
hero.calculateAge(5); // return 5 and log 'Calculating'
hero.calculateAge(5); // return 5, does not log 'Calculating' since we get the result from the cache.
hero.calculateAge(15); // return 610 and log 'Calculating'
hero.calculateAge(15); // return 610, does not log 'Calculating' since we get the result from the cache.
hero.calculateAge(15); // return 610, does not log 'Calculating' since we get the result from the cache.
But what about methods which have multiple arguments?
In such cases we can provide a custom “resolver” which for given set of arguments returns the key to be used for caching:
class Superhero {
@memo((n, a) => n + '-' + a)
calculateAge(n, a) {
console.log('Calculating');
if (n < 1) {
throw new Error('Invalid argument');
}
if (n === 1 || n === 2) {
return 1;
}
return this.calculateAge(n - 1, a) + this.calculateAge(n - 2, a);
}
}
As we can see from the snippet above, @memo receives a single, optional argument - a function. This function receives all the arguments passed to the decorated method. By default the implementation of the key resolver is the identity function:
const resolve = a => a;
How to use?
You can use the @memo decorator from the memo-decorator package on npm.
aspect.js
So far we discussed different JavaScript decorators. Now we’ll briefly show an entire paradigm!
Let’s suppose we have a class called DataMapper which sends requests over the network to a RESTful API. This abstraction is supposed to create, update, and delete users and their payment information:
class DataMapper {
saveUser(user) {
return fetch(...)
}
deleteUser(user) {
return fetch(...)
}
updateUser(user) {
return fetch(...)
}
saveUserPayment(user) {
return fetch(...)
}
deleteUserPayment(user) {
return fetch(...)
}
updateUserPayment(user) {
return fetch(...)
}
}
Now, for debugging purposes we want to add logging for all of these methods. Going over each individual method and adding a log statement will be quite annoying, and what if we want to drop the log statements for our production build?
A better approach would be to use Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP), which can help us to resolve this issue by just:
@Wove()
class DataMapper {
// ...
}
class DataMapperAspect {
@beforeMethod({
classNamePattern: /DataMapper/,
methodNamePattern: /.*/
})
log(m: Metadata) {
console.log(`Method ${m.method.name} called with ${m.method.args.join(', ')}`);
}
}
The semantics of this snippet is:
Invoke
logbefore the invocation of each method from a class which name matches the pattern/DataMapper/.
As value of the property methodNamePattern that we pass as an argument to the @beforeMethod decorator we specify another pattern. If we want, we can get more restrictive:
@Wove()
class DataMapper {
// ...
}
class DataMapperAspect {
@beforeMethod({
classNamePattern: /DataMapper/,
methodNamePattern: /^save.*/
})
log(m: Metadata) {
console.log(`Method ${m.method.name} called with ${m.method.args.join(', ')}`);
}
}
This way the log method will be called only before the invocation of methods with save prefix.
What else aspect.js provides?
The aspect-oriented paradigm is extremely powerful. With aspect.js we can achieve the effect of any of the decorators listed above…and do much more!
You can find more about AOP here.
How to use?
aspect.js can be found on npm.
injection-js
Another extremely convenient use case for the JavaScript decorators is for dependency injection (DI)! Angular already takes advantage of this technique in order to provide a flexible way to wire up the dependencies in our application. I am sure I don’t have to convince you how useful the DI pattern is for helping us to write more testable and coherent code.
Did you know that you don’t necessary need Angular in order to use its dependency injection mechanism? That’s right, you can use the DI independently from the framework with the package injection-js!
Injection-js can be use with TypeScript, ES5, ES2016, ES2017, etc, however, it looks most natural with TypeScript because of its type annotations.
Here’s an example with TypeScript:
import 'reflect-metadata';
import { ReflectiveInjector, Injectable, Injector } from 'injection-js';
class Http {}
@Injectable()
class Service {
constructor(private http: Http) {}
}
const injector = ReflectiveInjector.resolveAndCreate([
Service,
Http
]);
console.log(injector.get(Service) instanceof Service);
Once we invoke the get method of the injector instance, the injector will automatically figure out that Service depends on Http so it’ll create an instance of Http and pass it to the constructor of Service.
…and here’s an equivalent example with plain JavaScript, with parameter decorators support:
import { ReflectiveInjector, Injectable, Injector, Inject } from 'injection-js';
class Http {}
@Injectable()
class Service {
constructor(@Inject(Http) private http) {}
}
const injector = ReflectiveInjector.resolveAndCreate([
Service,
Http
]);
console.log(injector.get(Service) instanceof Service);
Notice that since in JavaScript we do not have type annotations we had to specify the type of the dependency of Service by using @Inject.
Also, keep in mind that at the moment both snippets can be compiled only with TypeScript, since babel does not have parameter decorator support yet.
How to use?
Just install injection-js. For further instructions on how to use the DI in your Vue, React, Node.js application you can just follow the Angular documentation. Also, here’s how I introduced injection-js support in my React app, sometime back.
Conclusion
JavaScript decorators are on it’s way to the ECMAScript standard. There are a lot of libraries and frameworks out there taking advantage of them!
In this article we made a quick overview of only a few - @autobind, @memo, a few decorators from aspect.js, and injection-js.
We saw how we can develop more efficient React components and how to elegantly preserve a reference to event listeners by using @autobind. After that we saw how we can use the @memo decorator for applying memoization to pure methods. Our next stop was aspect.js package which implements the Aspect-Oriented Programming paradigm by using ES decorators! Finally, we took a look at injection-js which allows us to use the DI pattern for our Node, Vue, and React applications!